Some content can spark difficult memories for people with certain mental illnesses and phobias.Trigger warnings communicate that upcoming content may produce unpredictable and unwelcome reactions for some readers. Most people know that strokes can cause one side of the face to droop, weakness of an arm or a leg, trouble walking, and slurred speech. AP style: Included in its Disabled/Handicapped entry, the stylebook describes blind as a person with complete loss of sight and suggests using the terms visually impaired or person with low vision for those who have some sight. As youll see below, high functioning and low functioning are considered offensive. For more information, consult the U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division Disability Rights Section. Similarly, there is not really a good way to describe the nature of a condition. More serious causes of dysarthria, or sudden slurred speech, include Some prefer being called dyslexic, others prefer people-first language, as in a person with dyslexia.. WebIt feels like hearing impaired is the PC term that people use because they're uncomfortable saying "Deaf" and that they don't know how to talk to you or are focusing on your deafness, like they need to pick the right word or you're going to Conforms to AP style: The stylebook cautions against describing an individual as mentally ill unless clearly pertinent to a story and the diagnosis is properly sourced. (There are physical considerations that rule out cochlear implants for some.). This also is referred to as deaf-blindness or deafblindness. The BBC and The Conversation both have well-considered takes on it. Thats OK. You may end up using a derogatory term in a direct quote, but be certain that its fundamental to the story. NCDJ Recommendation: Non-disabled or does not have a disability are acceptable terms when referring to people who do not identify as having a disability. Other medical diagnoses associated with dementia include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntingtons disease, Parkinsons disease and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (previously known as wet brain). A developmental disability can include a long-term physical or cognitive/intellectual disability or both. The Genome Research Institute offers comprehensive information about different genetic conditions, genetic testing and other pertinent topics. NCDJ Recommendation: Many people prefer people-first language, such as a person with tetraplegia rather than tetraplegic, since this implies that the condition defines them. Epilepsy manifests differently in individuals: The severity of epileptic seizures, their occurrence rates and the emergence of other health problems differ from person to person. AP style: The stylebook allows the use of vegetative state, describing it as a condition in which the eyes are open and can move, and the patient has periods of sleep and periods of wakefulness, but remains unconscious, unaware of self or others.. WebDeafness is defined as "a hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification." WebApraxia. AP style: Cripple is considered offensive when used to describe a person who is lame or disabled. Many people with intellectual disabilities and their advocates consider these terms to be dismissive or reductive of a persons abilities. When possible, ask sources how they would like to be described. See also Epilepsy/epileptic/epileptic fit. Neurotypical refers to a person who is considered part of the normal variation in the human population. Insane/insanity/mentally deranged/psychopathology, American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Dwarf, little person/people/midget/short stature, Intellectual disabilities/intellectually disabled, Dwarf, little person/midget/short stature, Dissociative identity disorder/multiple personality disorder, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Its acceptable to use the word said in subsequent references. The American Psychiatric Association discourages using derogatory language such as the term junkie to refer to someone who misuses drugs. Some consider it condescending, offensive or simply a way of avoiding talking about disability. The terms are considered derogatory because they equate symptoms of illness to filth. Do not use the terms addiction and dependence interchangeably. I am Hard of Hearing (HoH), Inability to speak louder than a whisper or speaking too loudly. Similarly, ask whether the person prefers identity-first or people-first language. In those cases, attribute the term or note its historic use. This condition also has been called long haul and people with it, long haulers.. The medical profession favors use of the terms mental disorder or psychopathology. In U.S. criminal law, insanity is a legal question, not a medical one. Those in Deaf culture have never seen themselves as disabled. Its symptoms include muscle weakness and paralysis. Disability advocate Anthony Pulrang defines ableism in this way in an article for Forbes: Any statement or behavior directed at a disabled person that denigrates or assumes a lesser status for the person because of their disability. For example, The doctor said he was retarded, a term widely used at the time., AP style: Mentally retarded should be avoided. It is the preferred terminology in Great Britain and by a number of U.S. disability activists. Although many in the general public associate disability with people using wheelchairs or white canes or who are missing limbs, more people have conditions that cant be seen but are defined as disabilities under the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act. For example, if I say that I am hearing-impaired, people may get the impression that Im incapable of something. NCDJ Recommendation: It is preferable to use a medical professionals diagnosis or, if that is not possible, terms such as comatose or non-responsive. Avoid referring to someone as a vegetable or veg as such words dehumanize the person. Use treatment center in place of rehab or detox center. These conditions also are called toxicant-induced loss of tolerance, environmental illness or sick-building syndrome.. NCDJ Recommendation: Avoid using these terms when describing a person with a disability or the programs designed to serve them, with the exception of government references or formal names of organizations and programs. They recommend color vision deficiency.. AP style: The stylebook recommends using partial hearing loss or partially deaf for those who have some hearing loss. The technique was originally developed to help those with significant developmental disabilities, such as some forms of autism and cerebral palsy. Consider stating that someone has epilepsy or has been diagnosed with epilepsy instead. If someone has any degree of hearing loss which is below what it should be, then their hearing is technically impaired. Use quotes when officials or family members use a term such as a history of mental illness to refer to an individual, and when appropriate, indicate that the diagnosis has not been confirmed. In the past, we have encouraged journalists and others to use person-first language (such as, a person who has Down syndrome rather than a Down syndrome person) as a default. NCDJ Recommendation: It is preferable to use neutral language when describing a person who has a disability, simply stating the facts about the nature of the disability. NCDJ Recommendation: Use Plain English or Plain Language but confirm with the source that that is the correct terminology. For us, this really emphasizes the fact that no two people are the same either with regard to disabilities or language preferences. OCD may present as a fear of contamination, disarray or intrusion, according to the Mayo Clinic. Terminology for the disorder is varied. NCDJ Recommendation: The words abnormal or abnormality might be acceptable when describing scientific phenomena, such as abnormalities in brain function. The device does not fully restore hearing, but it gives a representation of sounds to help a person understand speech. Additionally, a person who does not use speech may be able to hear. And so we are no longer offering advice regarding a default. NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as having dissociative identity disorder only if the information is relevant to the story and if youre confident there is a medical diagnosis. For example: He has muscular dystrophy., Conforms to AP style that suggests avoiding descriptions that connote pity., Background: According to the Mayo Clinic, albinism typically refers to oculocutaneous (ok-u-low-ku-TAY-nee-us) albinism (OCA) a group of inherited disorders that results in little or no production of the pigment melanin. A nonspeaking individual may understand and use language just in a different way, such as through American Sign Language. The Center for Substance Abuse Treatment recommends using people-first language when referring to alcoholism, such as someone with alcoholism or someone with an alcohol addiction., NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone who harmfully uses alcohol as a person with alcoholism rather than an alcoholic, which tends to identify someone solely by their disease. Seizures can happen after a stroke, a closed head injury, an infection such as meningitis or another illness. OCD is often treated with pharmaceutical drugs, psychotherapy methods, or a combination of the two. People-first language is not preferred by all people with disabilities. Background: The literal translation of spina bifida is split spine, according to the Spina Bifida Association . Many dislike the terms because hearing impaired describes a person in terms of a deficiency or what they cannot do. Background: Identify-first language contrasts with people-first language. Background: Down syndrome is a congenital condition caused by the presence of an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21 in an individuals cell nuclei. Individuals with learning disabilities have average or above average intelligence, and the term does not include a learning problem that is primarily the result of another cause, such as intellectual disabilities or lack of educational opportunity., NCDJ Recommendation: Use learning disability when youre confident there is a medical diagnosis. AP style: Not addressed except in terms of abbreviation: AA is acceptable on second reference. combination of your inner ear and the nerves in your ear. MD is acceptable on second reference. In 2010, President Barack Obama signed a measure known as Rosas Law that replaced the term mental retardation with intellectual disability in many areas of government, including federal law. NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to a person with albinism, rather than an albino. Otherwise, the term intellectually disabled is acceptable. NCDJ Recommendation: Avoid the use of mongoloid to refer to someone with Down syndrome. Various laws define disability differently. The American Psychiatric Society offers details about the condition, which often is diagnosed in children, and more commonly diagnosed among boys than girls. According to the National Association for Gifted Children, Twice-exceptional learners are students who give evidence of the potential for high achievement capability in areas such as specific academics, general intellectual ability, creativity, leadership and/or visual, spatial or performing arts and also give evidence of one or more disabilities as defined by federal or state eligibility criteria, such as specific learning disabilities, speech and language disorders, emotional/behavioral disorders, physical disabilities, autism spectrum or other health impairments, such as ADHD. These same considerations apply when covering other 12-step programs, such as Narcotics Anonymous or Gamblers Anonymous. Psychoanalyst: A specific type of psychotherapist trained to work with both an individuals unconscious and unconscious mind. Instead, be as specific as possible. Background: The Oxford English Dictionary defines neurodiversity as the range of differences in individual brain function and behavioral traits, regarded as part of the normal variation in the human population (used especially in the context of autism spectrum disorders). The word was coined in the late 1990s. WebMD explains the difference between epilepsy and seizures in this way: Seizures, abnormal movements or behavior due to unusual electrical activity in the brain, are a symptom ofepilepsy. NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as having PTSD only if the information is relevant to the story and youre confident there is a medical diagnosis. Some degenerative diseases can cause dysarthria, a motor speech disorder. Avoid alcoholic, addict, user and abuser unless individuals prefer those terms for themselves or if they occur in quotations or names of organizations, such as Alcoholics Anonymous. NCDJ Recommendation: Use the words psychotic and psychosis only when they accurately describe a medical experience. Spastic cerebral palsy is a common type of cerebral palsy in which the movements of people with the disorder appear stiff and jerky. In general, avoid using able-bodied except in a quote. AP style: Not specifically addressed, but the style book refers to mental health professional in an entry on mental illness. NCDJ Recommendation: Ask the disabled person or disability organizational spokesperson about their preferred terminology. Alternate phrases include killed himself, took her own life or died by suicide. The verb commit with suicide can imply a criminal act. NCDJ Recommendation: Colorblind is still generally acceptable, but in the interest of accuracy, consider indicating what kind of color-blindness a person has, such as red-green color-blindness. Limited vision: Acceptable when a person is not legally or completely blind, Low vision: Acceptable when a person is not legally or completely blind. Specify the type of condition if it is known. Jon Henner, an assistant professor at University of North Carolina at Greensboro, who is Deaf, describes himself as a crip linguist., While some activists have embraced the word, adopting hashtags such as #criplit and #cripthevote, others are very much against its use. Some members of the disability community oppose its use because it implies that all people with disabilities lack able bodies or the ability to use their bodies well. In Franco-Provenal (the Romance speech of French Switzerland and adjacent areas of France), a person affected by hypothyroidism was called a cretin, literally, wretch, innocent victim, The word meant simply Christian and emphasized the hypothyroid victims basic humanity.. It is important to understand that many people do not consider being deaf or having hearing loss as a disability. Use the term dissociative identity disorder, not multiple personality disorder, and avoid the acronym DID.. It is typically caused by a spinal cord or brain injury. Healthyplace.com has a good discussion of the differences. Also, according to NOAH, the term albino has been used throughout history in a hateful way; therefore many prefer the people-first term, person with albinism.. These personalities, medically known as alters, can exhibit different speech patterns, mannerisms, attitudes, thoughts, gender identities and even physical characteristics. Raisingdeafkids.org has a good list of related resources and more information. It is not caused by problems in the muscles or nerves but by differences in parts of the brain that control muscle movement. The term dyslexic is used by some organizations as a noun and as an adjective in a non-pejorative way; however, using the word as a noun (describing a person as a dyslexic) appears to be falling out of use. For more information on mental illness, see the National Institute for Mental Health. Use of sustain or receive removes the implied judgment. Background: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological and developmental disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures, according to the Epilepsy Foundation. By definition, developmental disabilities manifest before age 22. Instead, be specific about the condition and use only if relevant to the story. If a medical diagnosis is not available, use quotes around the term and indicate that a diagnosis has not been confirmed. Always refer to someone with a mental illness as a person first. Avoid using hearing impaired or partial or partially in reference to deafness or hearing loss unless people use those terms for themselves. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, the word addiction is acceptable for uncontrollable, compulsive use of substances as well as acts such as gambling, sex, working, etc., in the face of negative health and social consequences. Journalists should consider other ways of describing a persons ability to function in society. Background: Some disability advocates are beginning to shift away from the word nonverbal in favor of nonspeaking, arguing that nonverbal implies that someone doesnt understand language, while nonspeaking does not invite the same judgment. Use attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on first reference; ADHD is acceptable on second reference. Slurred speech without alcohol is linked to a variety of diagnoses that are cause for concern, including: Multiple Sclerosis Brain Tumors Lyme Disease Head Injury Cerebral Palsy Stroke According to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, the opposite is true. NCDJ Recommendation: Ask people how they would like to be described. NCDJ Recommendation: Avoid terms like disorder or defect, which are considered derogatory. Background: These phrases are used to describe conditions in which arms, legs, fingers, or toes are missing, not fully formed or shaped in a different way, either as a result of an amputation or a congenital condition. Background: According to the National Association for Gifted Children, giftedness is characterized by the capacity to perform above the level of ones peers. Those with such disabilities often require lifelong or extended support. Some mountainous regions, such as parts of the Alps, do not naturally provide their inhabitants with a diet rich enough in iodine, and the resultant hypothyroidism causes stunted growth and mental retardation. Background: Some use the term survivor to affirm their recovery from or conquest of an adverse health condition. Referring to someone as a paraplegic is offensive to some people as it implies that their condition defines them. It might be Easy English. Background: Total blindness is the complete lack of perception of either light or form. Alternatively, it is acceptable to say that a person has had a disability since birth or was born with a disability. State the specific disability if possible. AP style: Avoid using committed suicide except in direct quotations from authorities. WebBackground: The terms hearing impaired and hearing impairment are sometimes used to describe people with hearing loss that ranges from partial to complete. Background: There are a number of types of mental health professionals. Stroke. AP style: Although there is no entry for service animal, the style book takes note of the Seeing Eye dog trademark and says guide dog is prefered in all references. Some argue that the term commit implies that suicide is a criminal act, while others view the term commit as neutral. AA is unaffiliated with any outside organizations or institutions and does not endorse, finance or oppose any causes. Many people prefer people-first language, such as a person with schizophrenia or a person diagnosed with schizophrenia rather than a schizophrenic or a schizophrenic person. Do not use the word schizophrenic colloquially as a synonym for something inconsistent or contradictory. In addition to their cognitive component, many types of dementia include physical symptoms, such as the abnormal eye movements of Huntingtons disease or the tremors associated with Parkinsons disease. NCDJ Recommendation: Terms such as battle and survivor are still widely accepted and understood, but the user should be aware that they could offend some people. Background: Addiction is a treatable, chronic medical disease involving complex interactions among brain circuits, genetics, the environment, and an individuals life experiences. Be cautious when using the term abnormal behavior. Explain what it means in the context in which it is being used. Background: Depression is characterized by a loss of interest in activities, persistent fatigue, difficulty in concentrating and making decisions, prolonged feelings of emptiness or hopelessness, and abnormal eating habits, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. Hearing loss can be due to a wide array of things, including: malformation of the ear. NCDJ Recommendation: Hard of hearing is almost always acceptable. NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as catatonic only if it is part of a medical diagnosis. In the second case, the answer is maybe. If the hikers blindness contributed to him or her getting stranded, making note of that fact is relevant. Background: Cerebral palsy refers to a number of neurological disorders that appear in infancy or early childhood and permanently affect body movement and muscle coordination, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. They give audiences a choice on whether or not to proceed with consuming the information. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Difficulty with speech, including slurred It is important to note that augmentative and alternative communication a general term used to refer to alternative methods that allow for written and spoken expression is considered very different from facilitated communication. However, it is such a general term that it fails to accurately describe a persons condition and is now widely viewed as offensive in that it implies that a person lacks abilities. In short, impairment refers to the condition of an organ or structure of the body; disability means that a person has a functional limitation due to an impairment. Dont use the term SPED as shorthand for special education. NCDJ Recommendation: Avoid using lame or lamebrain to describe a person except in a quote. However, this term is not widely used. Such tics are recurrent, involuntary and non-rhythmic. Disability advocacy groups emphasize that it is important not to assume people are homebound if they are disabled. You can also access a Romanian translation of the guide here. Background: Merriam-Webster defines the noun cripple as a lame or partly disabled person or animal and as something flawed or imperfect. It also is used as a verb. AP style: The AP merely defines Tourette Syndrome as, A neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements and vocalizations.. Post-traumatic stress disorder is correct on first reference; use PTSD on second reference. It calls for use of a lower case d in all usages. Journalists also may want to include such warnings in material distributed to a general audience. The disorder was originally named for French neurologist Dr. Georges Gilles de la Tourette, who first described the condition in 1885, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Thus, deafness may be viewed as a condition that prevents an individual from receiving sound in all or most of its forms. NCDJ Recommendation: It is acceptable to describe a person as someone with spina bifida, followed by a short explanation of what their condition entails if it is pertinent to the story. AP style:The style book defers to the National Association of the Deaf, stating: Hearing-impaired was a well-meaning term that is not accepted or used by many deaf and hard of hearing people.. Background: The Centers for Disease Control define traumatic brain injury as an injury that affects how the brain works.. Background: Tourette syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by tics, sudden, purposeless and rapid movements or vocalizations, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders. NCDJ Recommendation: Use Tourette syndrome with no possessive or capitalization of syndrome. Refer to someone as having Tourette syndrome only if the information is relevant to the story and if youre confident there has been a medical diagnosis. The plural of dwarf is dwarfs.. Plain English is sometimes known as plain language or Everyday English. AP style: The stylebook says injuries may be suffered, sustained or received.. Deaf and hard of hearing became the official terms recommended by the World Federation of the Deaf in 1991. The association recommends using people-first language to describe mental illness in order to avoid defining people by their disability. Proponents of the term say it helps to destigmatize relationships between people with disabilities and people without disabilities. While caregiver and caretaker often are used interchangeably, they imply something different. AP style: The stylebook refers, without comment, to albino, albinos. AA is a fellowship of men and women who share their experience, strength and hope with each other that they may solve their common problem and help others to recover from alcoholism, according to the groups preamble. Background: The Center for Inclusive Design defines Plain English as a direct style of writing for people who can read at a reasonable level. Until recently, the term deaf-blind was widely accepted, and it is still in use today. Many people consider defect and other forms of the term offensive when describing a disability as they imply the person is deficient or inferior to others. 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