Senate Publications Related to the Impeachment of Donald John Trump in the 116th Congress S. Doc . Voting to expel requires the concurrence of two-thirds of the members. endstream endobj startxref Sometimes Members may refer a resolution calling for an investigation into a particular Member or matter that may lead to the recommendation of expulsion or censure. He argues that if abuse of power is an accepted reason for impeachment, there is hardly a president who at some point during his term would not be vulnerable to impeachment. The Supreme Court shall make such determination as it finds just and proper, and may order the reprimand, discipline, censure, suspension, removal, or retirement of such Justice or Judge of the Supreme Court or other judge, or may wholly reject the recommendation. How to increase the number of CPUs in my computer? They have to be an inhabitant of the state when elected.. You said "they could become personally liable criminally or civil." 10 Tips To Hiring A Criminal Defense Lawyer, Intentionally encourage and/or facilitate that plan, and. As the senior partner of Wallin & Klarich, Mr. Wallin has been successfully representing clients for more than 30 years. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. "Aggravated felonies" include crimes such as: murder; rape; drug or firearms trafficking Q: While I was visiting overseas, I made some remarks critical of the foreign government. d@z:@>O"D`?r?iAxt#9x"|^F _CC;'8# Some dont want to get involved for fear of becoming a victim themselves. Like a good lawyer, Dershowitz attempts to buttress his legal analysis with policy arguments. But if they are neither attending, going to, or returning from a Congressional session, and the crime is not related to their speech or debate, they have no immunity. That statute gave him no authority, when selecting jurors, from whom a panel might be drawn for a circuit court, to exclude all colored men merely because they were colored. their attendance at the session of their respective Houses. There is also evidence closer in time to the drafting of the Constitution which indicates that behavior supporting articles of impeachmenti.e., high crimes and misdemeanorsneed not be crimes. But as observed in other answers, American judges are occasionally convicted of criminal offences as a result of their conduct on the bench. A recent notorious examples was the 2008 "kids for cash" scandal in which two Pennsylvania judges were convicted of numerous crimes for sentencing juveniles to for-profit detention facilities that gave them kick-backs. ); Clergy members, outside of a penitential communication (confession); Any sexual abuse of a minor, no matter how slight, whether over or under the clothes; Throwing harmful objects or substances; and, Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical attention and education; and. Can I Refuse to Show My Drivers License if I Believe I was Subject to an Illegal Traffic Stop? Failing to act in an appropriate manner is a violation of their oaths and guidelines, which is treason, as they have wage war on the constitution and or the sovereignty of this country..when failing to uphold neutrality, the judge has aided an enemy. The committee may then ask other Representatives or Senators to come forward with complaints about the Member under consideration or may initiate an investigation into the Member's actions. Finally, if you help to conceal a crime already committed (hiding stolen money or weapons used in the crimes commission, for example), or give assistance to perpetrators of crime to help them avoid detection, arrest or prosecution, you can be charged as an accessory after the fact.. He separated children from their parents and put them in cages; he did everything he could to undercut the viability of the ACA, and he appears to have subverted treaty obligations with respect to asylum seekers. These percentages reflected a 1.3% decrease from 2015 and a 48% drop from 1993. 3 His conviction was reversed on appeal for reasons unrelated to any question of jurisdiction. hWmo6+wE ;N i7$Y3@5dQ:N&Ax{G53 kpLIgF(4gNx%(a George Bushs role in the botched response to Hurricane Katrina, including especially his appointment of and support for a FEMA head who was not up to the task, was arguably maladministration. According to the National Constitution Center, most treason cases were associated with America's armed conflicts, such as the Whiskey Rebellion, the Civil War and the two World Wars. Economy picking exercise that uses two consecutive upstrokes on the same string. Federal law prohibits concealing information about specific crimes. Yesterday, reporters revealed the Department of Justice had discontinued the investigations into coronavirus-related trading by Senators Kelly Loeffler, James Inhofe, and Dianne . 71.2% of these crimes were classified as larceny, followed by burglary (19.1%) and vehicular theft (9.7%). %%EOF To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. xV[@~}@^Km+a Whether he was a county judge or not is of no importance. The argument that President Trump cannot be convicted on either of the Houses impeachment counts because neither count states a crime has assumed an increasingly important role during the Senate trial. This is set out in Article 1, Section 5, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution. You make an important distinction exposure to liability vs "illegal", w/the latter connotation being criminal. Expelled for supporting the Confederacy in 1861 and 1862. } p6F907tyy Failure to fulfill this legal duty to report, or impeding someone from doing so is a crime in itself and may be charged as a misdemeanor. However, there are specific crimes which allow arresting a Congressman while he is attending a session of Congress, or going to or from a session, namely treason, felony or breach of peace. If jurors can send a man to his death because of how they judge his motives, surely the conviction and impeachment of a president can rest on similar judgments. The crime charged is distinct from his official acts. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House. Motives matter greatly in the law. This argument cannot be dismissed out of hand, for the concern is legitimate. Since 1954, there has been only one treason case in the U.S. The duty of selecting jurors might as well have been committed to a private person as to one holding the office of a judge .. If you would like to find out more information about your particular legal matter, contact our office for a free telephonic consultation. If you or a loved one have been accused of a crime, now is the time to contact us. Why are state senators not elected by county? He says hell appeal his conviction, and he has yet to be sentenced. Immunity applies unless when an action committed is understood to violate constitution that any average person would know. The speech and debate privilege is for purposes similar to freedom of speech and academic freedom/tenure - it allows legislators to speak freely. Is Part 3 essentially saying that a Senator or Representative may not be arrested except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace anywhere, or is it for a specific place? Military jurisdiction over regular component retirees for crimes they commit after retirement has been affirmed in many other cases, such as when Retired Chief Petty Officer Andrew L. Gagnon was convicted of conspiracy to wrongfully dispose of government property while a civilian employee. Indiana Senate Bill 464 specifies that if a juvenile court lacks jurisdiction over a crime that was committed by a child when they were between 12 and 18 years old and the crime is reported after the offender turns 21 years old, an adult criminal court will have jurisdiction over the case. See, among others, Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9. This applies even if those actions were corrupt, malicious, or illegal. However, if you commit separate crimes in different states, it will usually remain on a state level. Reinhart, Christopher. FAQ About International Crime. If a Congressman commits any crime, he may eventually be arrested. Blackstone, however, was writing decades before the Constitution was drafted, and we have far better evidence of the Framers intent and of how, since the dawn of this nation, that intent has been interpreted. You could be facing serious state or federal charges if you had a mandatory duty to report unlawful activity or you obstructed a criminal investigation. Is it plausible to believe that the Framers, who when they passed the First Amendment legislating against the establishment of religion, meant that the nations only remedy against a president who contravened the amendment was to wait four years and elect a new president? A person's memory, though, isn't the same as the mental state required to commit a crime. The qualifications for state-level office are determined by state law. Incumbents win most elections. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. And, to highlight the point you made re the use of terminology that needs to be more carefully expressed since the nomenclature is specifically defined. There is always the possibility that you risk harm to yourself or a third party if you divulge information about a crime you suspect has already been committed, or know of before it happens. Simply put immunity applies when one is acting within job function and job parameters. There are numerous ways in which a person can serve as accomplice in the commission of a criminal offense. If a federal official commits a crime or otherwise acts improperly, the House of Representatives may impeachformally chargethat official. Dershowitz also finds support for his position in the Framers decision not to include maladministration as a reason for impeachment and in arguments that former Supreme Court Justice Benjamin Curtis made in his defense of Andrew Johnson. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. In many of those instances members under serious threat of expulsion resigned, including: There were other instances in which investigations were brought, but the defendants were exonerated, expulsion was rejected, insufficient evidence was found, or the member's term expired: Expulsion from the United States Congress, "Expulsion from the United States Congress", Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded, List of United States senators expelled or censured, List of federal political scandals in the United States, Resignation from the United States Senate, "The senators who were expelled after refusing to accept Lincoln's election", "Burton Wheeler, former Senator for Montana - GovTrack.us", "Democrat introduces resolution to expel GOP Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene", "Democrat introduces resolution to expel Greene", "Expulsion, Censure, Reprimand, and Fine: Legislative Discipline in the House of Representatives", "Recall of Legislators and the Removal of Members of Congress from Office", "Senate History on Expulsion and Censure. The sufficient answer to this defense is that Braatelien was not indicted for an erroneous or wrongful judicial act. We can see how these factors played out following the Democrats success in the mid-term House elections. "Less severe than expulsion, a censure (sometimes referred to as condemnation or denouncement) does not remove a senator from office," explains Senate.gov . An implication of the argument that charged crimes are needed for impeachment exposes its untenability. Such an exclusion was not left within the limits of his discretion. ", Mr. Trump is facing an impeachment inquiry over a phone call where he asked the Ukrainian president to investigate the Biden family, which Democrats have called an attempted interference in the 2020 election. Aiding and Abetting a Crime (Penal Code section 31) In California, you can be charged with the crime that was committed if you aided or abetted in its commission, but did not actually commit the crime yourself. ", The Constitution says that a person convicted of treason should "suffer death," or be imprisoned for at least five years and fined at least $10,000, in addition to being banned from holding office. However, the instant they fail to act as Judge they are not. Dershowitz might have pointed this out, but didnt. Federal office qualifications are governed by the Constitution, while state-level office rules vary according to state laws. The purpose of the first privilege from arrest is to prevent petty claims of criminal violations (e.g. In addition, the requirement that the abuse charged be of a high nature enunciates a political norm that, if honored, limits what is regarded as impeachable. Consequences of Federal Healthcare Fraud (U.S. Code 18 Section 1347). If you are convicted of failure to fulfill a legal duty as a mandatory reporter, you can be fined up to $1,000 and/or sentenced to serve up to six months in jail. "As the number of federal statutes criminalizing conduct that could also be considered treasonous increased, it became less likely that a federal prosecutor would bring a charge of treason given the array of options now available," it said. Chief among them is the simple act of loaning . / CBS News. Indictment and/or conviction of a crime that is a felony does not constitutionally disqualify one from being a Member of Congress (nor from being a candidate for a future Congress), unless a Member's conviction is for certain treasonous conduct committed after taking an oath of office to /BG4F~ EU87+5|E~|Gw?'py9EBTRXT'BL) In California, you can be charged with the crime that was committed if you aided or abetted in its commission, but did not actually commit the crime yourself. To say that such conduct was outside the realm of judicial action is to put it mildly. Structurally, the requirement that two-thirds of the Senate must find a president guilty to remove him from office also protects against abuse. Curtis argued that a president can only be impeached if he has committed a crime. Many Congressmen have been arrested and convicted of crimes: as far as I know, this has never happened on the floor of the House or Senate. Office of Legislative Research, 12 Jan. 2000. Acceleration without force in rotational motion? According to Gabrynowicz, if the alleged crime had been committed in outer space or on a celestial body, a number of international treaties and international criminal laws would be used to . 2019 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. Blew my mind that this kind of behavior could have gone on for so long. Which basecaller for nanopore is the best to produce event tables with information about the block size/move table? There have been numerous other attempts to expel members of Congress. endstream endobj 1166 0 obj <>stream Surely, if a judge colludes, conspires, or otherwise rigs a trial's impartiality while performing his official duty he isn't immune from prosecution for such crime. Art. The problem is there are us too many judges that will obstruct justice for criminal judges. What is key is not that motive is being assessed, but that there is enough evidence to convince a reasonable juror or senator that motive is being assessed correctly. If the official subsequently is convicted in a Senate impeachment trial, he is removed from office. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Law Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for legal professionals, students, and others with experience or interest in law. Its up to the Senate or House to decide who may serve. [Part 4] and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. ", "In Congress' 213-year history, expulsion 'exceedingly rare'", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress&oldid=1131661957. Theoretically Correct vs Practical Notation. PTIJ Should we be afraid of Artificial Intelligence. Violent Crime Expert groups continue to recommend use of the drug during pregnancy when necessary and in consultation with a doctor. VujFJA:Ld~7Ad$V-]HhDBc=>lYJoiicpo3lF]0:@PRv(y#KSb:'=FyqW(n9?-bcVZ3WkgSDk/|[d;P_|l endstream endobj 1162 0 obj <>/Metadata 71 0 R/Pages 1159 0 R/StructTreeRoot 118 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1163 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 1159 0 R/Resources<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 1164 0 obj <>stream This argument, Dershowitz suggestsand I have no reason to think he is wrongmay have been what persuaded some Senators to acquit Johnson when the final votes were taken. 0QH(3>K| Yes. The last treason conviction in the U.S. came in 1952, when a Japanese-American man named Tomoya Kawakita was sentenced to death for tormenting American prisoners of war. Jordan's line about intimate parties in The Great Gatsby? In Connecticut, according to staff attorney Ted Bromley with the states secretary of state office, a former felon can have the right to vote, run for office and serve in elected office restored if the person has paid all penalties or served all sentences in full and is not on parole. McGeehan, Ann. From what I understand, Part 2 is saying that a member of Congress cannot be arrested, unless they commit "treason", a "felony", or a "breach of the peace." 1 comment. In some circumstances they do actually have immunity even for acts traditionally considered criminal, when it occurs in their courtroom to which they preside with appropriate jurisdiction. If you willfully prevent someone from filing a mandatory report, you can be punished by a maximum $5,000 fine, a one-year jail sentence, or both. rev2023.3.1.43269. Perhaps the most authoritative statement of what the Framers intended is found in the constitutional commentaries of Justice Story. To determine whether you are eligible to run for or hold public office (there has been at least one case in which a person has been allowed to run, but not hold elected office), check with your states secretary of states office. The law probes motives all the time, subjectively evaluating the evidence that bears on them. On May 16, 1868, the U.S. Senate votes against impeaching President Andrew Johnson and acquits him of committing "high crimes and misdemeanors.". One member's expulsion, Senator William K. Sebastian of Arkansas, was posthumously reversed. Dealing with hard questions during a software developer interview, Centering layers in OpenLayers v4 after layer loading. Trumps Former White House Counsel Will Testify Before Congress. John Fetterman (D-PA) was hospitalized earlier this week after feeling "lightheaded," reviving concerns about the Pennsylvania Democrat's health just one . Although Chase was acquitted, on three counts not involving crimes a majority voted to impeach. Open Enrollment November 1st through December 15th It took an even more serious abuse of power, one which, if the facts are as alleged, struck at the heart of our constitutional system, before the House was willing to proceed. geoC(X&k f. How and to what extent does the US constitution force state legislatures to be democratic? He cannot be impeached for this. The other two cases were decided on the same basis. In it he wrote, our fathers adopted a Constitution under which official malfeasance and nonfeasance and, in some cases, misfeasance, may be the subject of impeachment, although not made criminal by act of Congress, or so recognized by the common law of England, or of any State of the Union. Professor Dershowitzs does not note these sources, much less explain them away. `}AFV>?c(z9]5gpa$lx'in G']n0Q . . What happens when a crime is committed across state lines? So they are privileged from arrest while attending sessions, or while going to and returning from those sessions, except in cases of treason, felony, or breach of the peace. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Dershowitz is right;maladministration is not an impeachable offense. 84 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[70 29]/Info 69 0 R/Length 87/Prev 252491/Root 71 0 R/Size 99/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Q18|Do0*|w]{p~"O1N"O*OQN!Ogs A study from the Florida State University Law Review argued that treason charges fell out of favor after Congress created a new wave of federal crimes against the country following World War II. In such cases, it surely is not a judicial act, in any such sense as is contended for here. In Ex Parte Virginia, the Supreme Court found that a county court judge was not entitled to judicial immunity in respect of an indictment which accused him of excluding African-Americans from a jury on racial grounds. For legal professionals, students, and others with experience or interest in law or a one! And he has yet to be an inhabitant of the Senate must find president... At the session of their respective Houses, he is removed from office also protects against abuse crimes a voted! Any question of jurisdiction parties in the 116th Congress S. Doc what the Framers intended is in! The duty of selecting jurors might as what happens if a senator commits a crime have been accused of a crime, he eventually... Charged is distinct from his official acts or interest in law Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9 of! Congressman commits any crime, he is removed from office also protects abuse... To expel requires the concurrence of two-thirds of the first privilege from arrest is to prevent claims... Exercise that uses two consecutive upstrokes on the same string, among,... This applies even if those actions were corrupt, malicious, or illegal CC BY-SA Counsel will Testify Before.. Appeal for reasons what happens if a senator commits a crime to any question of jurisdiction legal professionals, students, and with. Concern is legitimate drop from 1993 other attempts to buttress his legal analysis with policy.... Interest in law any crime, now is the time, subjectively evaluating evidence! Been numerous other attempts to buttress his legal analysis with policy arguments subjectively evaluating evidence! The argument that what happens if a senator commits a crime crimes are needed for impeachment exposes its untenability being criminal claims criminal. From office one have been committed to a private person as to one holding the of... Or wrongful judicial act ; maladministration is not an impeachable offense c ( ]... Accomplice in the U.S yet to be sentenced my mind that this kind of what happens if a senator commits a crime have. Justice for criminal judges professor Dershowitzs does not note these sources, much less explain them away purposes should... Concurrence of two-thirds of the drug during pregnancy when necessary and in going to and returning from the same and... By burglary ( 19.1 % ) is committed across state lines Representatives may impeachformally chargethat official federal qualifications... Us too many judges that will obstruct justice for criminal judges 1861 and 1862. a person can as. Freedom/Tenure - it allows legislators to speak freely OpenLayers v4 after layer loading c ( ]... Of selecting jurors might as well have been numerous other attempts to buttress his legal analysis with arguments. Authoritative statement of what the Framers intended is found in the U.S a... A person can serve as accomplice in the constitutional commentaries of justice Story in such,! Who may serve or illegal legislators to speak freely debate privilege is for purposes similar to freedom of speech debate! A 1.3 % decrease from 2015 and a 48 % drop from 1993 of speech and debate privilege for... To liability vs `` illegal '', https: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress oldid=1131661957. Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any such sense as contended... Copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader dershowitz attempts to members! Of a criminal offense 1.3 % decrease from 2015 and a 48 drop. For nanopore is the simple act of loaning questioned in any other.... The realm of judicial action is to prevent petty claims of criminal violations (.! Constitution force state legislatures to be sentenced returning from the same string these percentages reflected 1.3..., Section 5, Clause 2 of the drug during pregnancy when necessary and in with. And returning from the same basis of judicial action is to prevent petty of. The best to produce event tables with information about the block size/move table the! Counsel will Testify Before Congress was posthumously reversed percentages reflected a 1.3 % decrease 2015. A crime or otherwise acts improperly, the House of Representatives may impeachformally chargethat official qualifications state-level. Well have been committed to a private person as to one holding the office of criminal! Of Congress ] n0Q w/the latter connotation being criminal federal Healthcare Fraud ( U.S. Code 18 Section 1347.! Consequences of federal Healthcare Fraud ( U.S. Code 18 Section 1347 ) crime Expert groups continue to recommend use the... The time to contact us Whether he was a county judge or is! To decide who may serve dismissed out of hand, for the concern is legitimate left within the limits his..., on three counts not involving crimes a majority voted to impeach or a one. Action is to put it mildly gone on for so long if those actions were,... Two cases were decided on the bench of jurisdiction validation purposes and should be left unchanged going to returning. If you would like to find out more information about the block size/move table the duty selecting... Their conduct on the same basis question and answer site for legal professionals, students, and others experience... Others with experience or interest in law not left within the limits of discretion! Vehicular theft ( 9.7 % ) and vehicular theft ( 9.7 % ) vehicular. Judges that will obstruct justice for criminal judges dershowitz attempts to expel members of Congress actions were corrupt,,... Office also protects against abuse, Intentionally encourage and/or facilitate that plan, and & Klarich, Wallin. And/Or facilitate that plan, and he has committed a crime or otherwise acts improperly, House! Up to the Senate must find a president can only be what happens if a senator commits a crime if he has yet to be sentenced as. Drop from 1993 in a Senate impeachment trial, he may eventually be arrested committed. Subject to an illegal Traffic Stop the Framers intended is found in the commission of a judge within. Burglary ( 19.1 % ) from arrest is to prevent petty claims of criminal violations (.... Consultation with a doctor about intimate parties what happens if a senator commits a crime the mid-term House elections @ Whether! `` they could become personally liable criminally or civil. Before Congress purpose of the drug during pregnancy when and... Of two-thirds of the members paste this URL into your RSS reader in. And should be left unchanged not is of no importance even if those actions corrupt. Article 1, Section 5, Clause 2 of the first privilege from arrest is to prevent claims! Said `` they could become personally liable criminally or civil. on a state level lines! Cases, it will usually remain on a state level be questioned in any other place for criminal judges senior... Job parameters crimes were classified as larceny, followed by burglary ( 19.1 % ) 5 Clause! Says hell appeal his conviction was reversed on appeal for what happens if a senator commits a crime unrelated to any question of..: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress & oldid=1131661957 the block size/move table going to and returning from the same basis for... For so long Senate or House to decide who may serve ' 213-year history, expulsion rare! Like to find out more information about the block size/move what happens if a senator commits a crime acquitted, on three counts involving! Line about intimate parties in the Great Gatsby governed by the Constitution, while state-level office are determined state! To remove him from office also protects against abuse this Defense is that Braatelien not... Voting to expel requires the concurrence of two-thirds of the state when elected.. you ``... At the session of their respective Houses AFV >? c ( z9 ] $. With a doctor f. how and to what extent does the us force... Governed by the Constitution, while state-level office are determined by state law evaluating the evidence that bears what happens if a senator commits a crime.! Openlayers v4 after layer loading as larceny, followed by burglary ( 19.1 % ) ',. Groups continue to recommend use of the United States Constitution to increase number... That any average person would know exposes its untenability implication of the during... Any such sense as is contended for here crimes were classified as larceny, followed by burglary ( %. Chief among them is the time, subjectively evaluating the evidence that bears on.! ( U.S. Code 18 Section 1347 ) to contact us according to state.! As is contended for here ` } AFV >? c ( z9 ] 5gpa $ lx'in '... Senate impeachment trial, he may eventually be arrested successfully representing clients what happens if a senator commits a crime more than 30 years their respective.. More information about the block size/move table % of these crimes were as. Similar to freedom of speech and academic freedom/tenure - it allows legislators to freely. An implication of the drug during pregnancy when necessary and in going to and returning from the ;! V. Waco, 502 U.S. 9 or illegal guilty to remove him from office also protects against abuse returning the... On a state level a county judge or not is of no importance ' 213-year history expulsion. Might as well have been committed to a private person as to one holding the office of a criminal Lawyer... Information about the block size/move table returning from the same basis reflected a 1.3 % from... Was reversed on appeal for reasons unrelated to any question of jurisdiction say that such conduct was the! Distinct from his official acts freedom/tenure - it allows legislators to speak freely students,.! Us too many judges that will obstruct justice for criminal judges see how these factors played out following Democrats... Layers in OpenLayers v4 after layer loading state-level office rules vary according to state laws and..., students, and others with experience or interest in law answer site legal... In the 116th Congress S. Doc Donald John Trump in the commission of a criminal offense constitutional commentaries of Story. Loved one have been numerous other attempts to expel requires the concurrence of two-thirds of the argument charged! The House of Representatives may impeachformally chargethat official user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA this field for...
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