He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. The young boy learned the Spanish and Italian languages, and he spent his time reading mythology, history, and literature and admiring art. Although he would ultimately rescue Louis the Pious on both occasions, the . He was being educated in Brussels (a city in present-day Belgium), where his tutor Adrian Florensz (14591523; reigned as Pope Adrian VI, 152223) was teaching him Flemish customs. The Anglican Church thus became an independent national body, based on some of the teachings of Protestant reformer Martin Luther. He reached the continent in November. 6. In 1474 Isabella succeeded her brother Henry IV (14251474; ruled 145474) to the throne of Castile. Civil wars were also taking a toll, as powerful families struggled over control of duchies in France. Alba had Egmont and Hoorn executed along with perhaps twelve thousand other rebels. The Peerless Scholar has three stages: preliminary, midterm, and final exam. Rise of Kingdoms is a game for iOS and Android with which you can enjoy the whole experience of a strategy game at your fingertips. At the time of the Moorish invasion, Christianity was also the dominant religion on the Iberian Peninsula. In the years after that, they were even better. Previously, Henry had opposed Luther and was rewarded by the pope with the title "Defender of the Faith." In 1337 Edward claimed the right to the throne through his mother's lineignoring the Salic Lawand named himself king of France. His troops annihilated Swiss mercenaries hired by Massimiliano Sforza (14931530), duke of Milan (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). In 1630 the Netherlands seized some coastal towns in northern Brazil. Charles lost control of Sicily in 1306, at the end of a twenty-year conflict called the War of the Sicilian Vespers (see "War of the Sicilian Vespers" in Chapter 2). A: Red Charles denounced Luther as a heretic who could never be returned to the church. Find answers for Rise of Kingdoms on AppGamer.com. Rise of Germany . Eventually, the Dutch East India Company took over every Portuguese-controlled point between the Malabar Coast and the Chinese city of Macao. James was married to Anne of Denmark. Just one year before Charles died, Philip decisively ended more than a half-century of Spanish-French conflict regarding Italy. Once the thriving center of sea trade on the Iberian Peninsula, Catalonia and its capital city Barcelona had been declining since the middle of the fifteenth century. Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. The plan called for the Armada to sail from Lisbon, Portugal, into the English Channel. Frederick was married to James's daughter Elizabeth. Immediately after becoming king, he married Catherine of Aragon (14851536), the widow of his brother, Henry VII. While the Catalan revolt was going on, the Portuguese took advantage of the confusion and declared their independence from Spain. According to the contract, they were to rule their own kingdomsthat is, Ferdinand was the king of Aragon and Isabella was the queen of Castile. The events in Bohemia became part of the Thirty Years' War (161848), a complex conflict that was taking place in the Holy Roman Empire over several social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). The Spaniards took 127 Ottoman ships and thousands of soldiers and seamen. For instance, Philip argued that he, as king, should be able to appoint bishops (officials who head church districts) and make governmental decisions without the consent of the pope. Henry's wife, the strong and determined Margaret of Anjou (14301483), gathered those loyal to the house of Lancaster and asked them to support the king. This decision gave the advantage to the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the wind. When Ferdinand died in 1516, Charles was named king of Castile and Aragon, becoming the first official monarch of a united Spain. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. Gradually, however, the kings established a strong monarchy that ruled all duchies in France. Although feudalism had been replaced by a new economic system, social and political structures were still based on the fief. Crowned King William I of England (also known as William the Conqueror; ruled 106687), he introduced French language and culture into that country. Francis's violation of the treaty made another war with Spain inevitable. The Puritans gave him a document called the Millenary Petition, a request for changes that was supposedly signed by a thousand of the king's subjects. When she refused his proposal he realized that England could never be a Catholic country. From the time he took the throne he had problems with Parliament, which he refused to recognize as the law-making body of England. At first all went well for Francis. T o F, the rise of the Ottoman Turks' empire between the thirteenth and fifteenth century and more. these difficulties, the new king, Philip IV (16051665; ruled 162165), continued his father's policy of turning over the government to a court favorite. He often broke treaties, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and Protestants to oppose Catholic Spain. 1300-1500: France: Frankish kingdom > France/Germany: rise of France: Hundred Years' War > French unification: Germany: Holy Roman Empire: England: Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Anglo . Although they appreciated his will to resist the mighty Spanish kingdom, they felt that Francis was committing heresy by allying with what Christians considered "infidel" Turks to slaughter fellow Christians. You can play in a way that suits your style,whether that be reckless military adventurism and dreams of global dominance,or quiet and unobtrusive statecraft and dreams of a happy populace. Their attempts to conquer and colonize these new lands were the beginning of what is known today as a global economy. Nevertheless, he was convinced that the coast of Japan lay only a short distance west of his original landing point. The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, most ruled by royal families. He also invaded Provence, a region in southeast France, and areas of northern France. He also formed marriage alliances for his children with the royal families of England and the house of Habsburg (a royal family in Austria). (February 22, 2023). Thus, Olivares's usefulness had come to an end. When Gama returned to Calicut in 1502, with the purpose of turning it into a Portuguese colony, the city's head administrator, or Samuri, sent a ship full of envoys (representatives) to discuss the captain's intentions. Table of Contents show. In 1492 Queen Isabella, the monarch of Spain, commissioned Columbus to prove he could find the western route. The meme disagrees with this statement and uses Israel as an example. In Spain, the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile laid the foundation for an immense empire by uniting several independent provinces. One of the most powerful Capetians was William II (c. 10281087), the duke of Normandy, a duchy in northwestern France. They had heard stories about people being burnt black by the sun in the hot climate and about vicious sea monsters and giants lurking under the sea. The pound rose as much as 0.9pc to well above $1. This dramatic event came about when the Habsburgs, the royal family that controlled Spain, rejected Mary as the future wife of the fourteen-year-old Charles I, who was to become king of Spain (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). The troubled young man was finally locked away in a tower, where he went on a series of hunger strikes and died later in the year. Capitalism is considered one of the major contributions of the Renaissance. King John II of Portugal therefore decided to have his captains circumnavigate (sail around) the African continent and reach India by way of the ocean. Hopes of cooperation and compromise were dashed, however, when the Puritans demanded that the church get rid of bishops (heads of church districts), whom they regarded as popish obstacles to true reform. She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. The Moriscos revolted in Granada and had to be forcibly restrained. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. During the wars, both France and Spain formed complex political alliancesin fact, they were even fighting on the same side at one point. Although he lived in exile, he was considered the king. The Franco-Austrian War of 1859 was the agent . Actually, the struggle did not last a full one hundred years but instead consisted of a series of conflicts interspersed with periods of peace. During the Inquisition thousands of non-Christians were killed by mobs, while thousands more tried to save their own lives by converting to Christianity. It also called for Francis's two sons to be held in Madrid for a ransom (money paid for releasing a hostage) of two million gold crowns (a large sum of Spanish money). The Spanish then invaded France, taking Toulon and other parts of southeast France. Since she had no heirs, the Tudor dynasty came to an end. 6,279 talking about this. After this bloody victory, while looting the city, Henry first glimpsed the riches of African trade that had come from the Indies: cinnamon, pepper, cloves, ginger, and other spices. Many Moriscos paid considerable sums of money to Catholic Church officials so they could stay in the country. He was more interested in pursuing his own pleasures, so he turned the government over to his favorite adviser, Francisco Gmez de Sandoval y Rojas, duke of Lerma (pronounced fran-THES-koh GO-mahth day sahn-doh-VAHL ee RO-hahs; 15531625). His numerous affairs (sexual relationships with women other than his wife) both scandalized and impressed his countrymen. The German artist Hans Holbein was Henry's court painter, and the English scholar Thomas Elyot was one of his secretaries. Parr and Anne of Cleves outlived Henry, who died in 1547. kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. coast of North America. The Spanish lost 1,000 men. In 1415 Henry the Navigator, son of the Portuguese king, led an armada against Ceuta and won a battle that left thousands of Muslim bodies piled in the streets of the city. In Rise of Kingdoms, Lyceum of Wisdom is the place where you can come and answer a lot of trivia quizzes regarding the game itself and the world history in general and earn a lot of valuable rewards. Charles then turned toward Italy, landed in Sicily in August, and advanced with ease toward the Alps. Alba's repression continued unchecked, but by 1573 Philip had seen enough. Numerous wealthy city-states competed for trade rights around the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas, and the Italian Wars (a conflict between France and Spain for control in Italy) raged for sixty-four years (see "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). Half of the Armada was lost and so was Philip's dream of making England into a Catholic province. A kingdom is a piece of land that is ruled by a king or a queen.A kingdom is often called a monarchy, which means that one person, usually inheriting their position by birth or marriage, is the leader, or head of state.. Kingdoms are one of the earliest types of societies on Earth, dating back thousands of years. Edward began to lose support, even in the house of York. went on a rampage that is now called the "German Fury" and sacked Rome. AEthelflaed. In 2022, the game reached its peak. In fact, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. Although it was called the King James Bible, James himself had little to. Under feudalism, which was based on an agricultural economy, distinct social classes were dependent on one another through a complex system of pledging loyalty in exchange for goods and services. Charlemagne's Rise to Power. He believed he had left to his son, King Philip III (15781621; ruled 15981621), a nation relatively free from international difficulties. In 1266 King Charles I of France (Charles of Anjou; 12271285; ruled 126685), the youngest brother of King Louis IX, took the thrones of Naples and Sicily (called the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies). During the Edwardian War the English took control of large areas of southwestern France and the northern coastal city of Calais. Vasco Nuez de Balboa (14751519) traveled across the Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Ponce de Len (14601521) searched for the mythical Fountain of Youth in Florida. The growing emphasis on capitalism and trade in Europe was probably the most influential factor in the drive for exploration. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. He married Louis's daughter, Claude de France, in 1514. Nevertheless, Edward's uncle, Edward Seymour (c. 15501552), duke of Somerset, took control of the government. (now in Belgium), a city in the Holy Roman Empire. He was put on trial and sentenced to death. They often involved elaborate scenery and costumes as well as music. In September 1519 the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan (c. 14801521), sponsored by King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) of Spain, set out from Seville, Spain, with five ships bound for the coast of South America. Learn more. This Empire itself arose from the incomplete fusion of the Germanic-speaking Franks with the Romance-speaking Gauls from c. 500 on. It also extended south and west to include possessions in North Africa and the Americas. Philip VI claimed he should rule because of the so-called Salic Law, which stated that the right to the throne must pass through a male line only. She inspired the soldiers by saying that though she had "the body of a weak and feeble woman," she had "the heart and stomach of a King.". Classical educations were provided to members of the ruling classes and the clergy, and scholars avidly studied ancient history. In a papal bull, or decree, Alexander drew a line from north to south one hundred leagues (approximately 240 miles, or 386 kilometers) west of the Azores Islands. Another concern was that the noblemen of Castile supported Philip because they hoped he would rule in their favor. The city surrendered and Catalonia was restored to Spain. In the period following the discoveries and conquests of the Spanish and Portuguese, geographic expansion was accomplished by the English, French, and Dutch. Spain and forced the Jews to convert to Islam. All lands to the east would belong to Portugal and all lands to the west would belong to Spain. . Monarchies used to rule the world. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain, Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Following Mary' death, Philip II had suggested that he marry Eliza beth. They were permitted to practice their Muslim faith under a policy called taqiyya (pronounced tah-KEE-yah). Jews became highly influential in Spain from the tenth through the twelfth centuries, a period that is often called the "Golden Age" of Jewish history. The Carolingian Dynasty (751-887) was a family of Frankish nobles who ruled Francia and its successor kingdoms in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. Spain resumed wars in Italy (161516), however, and then entered the Thirty Years' War by sending troops into Germany (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 8). A terrified Pope Clementone of Francis's allieslocked himself in a tower, but he was soon placed under arrest by the Spanish. The members with the know how for Rise of Kingdoms. Spain made peace with England in 1604 and reached a truce with the United Provinces of the Netherlands in 1609. The group called the Gallicans supported the king, and the group called the Ultramontanes (meaning "over the mountains") cast their allegiance with the pope. Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: Apr 15th 2021 France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? In 1585 she openly supported the Dutch rebels. In 1585, Alessandro Farnese (15451592), the duke of Parma, surpassed the military skill of even the bloody Alba when he captured the great walled town of Antwerp (a city in present-day Belgium). In 1520 Wolsey, Henry's principal adviser, attempted to bring peace to Europe by arranging the Treaty of London, but this scheme was not workable. In 1530 Clement VII officially crowned Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor. Along the way, these explorers laid claim to much of North and South America for the Spanish king. Only eight Portuguese were killed. The French were now trying to recapture Navarre. The Comuneros had formed the "Holy League of Cities" and were protesting the policies of Charles's government (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). Shortly after the death of Henry V, Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261), who was Charles VI's son, slowly began to regain French territories from the English. Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. Answers. The situation changed after 1474, however, when Pope Sixtus IV (14141484; reigned 147184) gave. In addition, Charles would inherit lands in Burgundy (a region of France) that belonged to Maximilian I, and he was in line to become Holy Roman Emperor. Richelieu followed a systematic policy that enhanced the king's absolute rule at home and fought against the power of the Habsburgs abroad. Once within range of the Armada, the English ships were able to fire their weapons at the Spanish vessels from a relatively safe distance. That year an assassin killed William of Orange in his home in Delft. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? The exploration of North America revealed two important facts to the English, French, and Dutch: there was probably no Northwest Passage to the Indies, and there was no quick or easy way to create a wealthy empire. One of Francis's armies then overran most of the countryside around Milan. Statutes (laws) passed by the Reformation Parliament in 1533 and 1534 named the king Supreme Head of the Church and cut all ties with the papacy. ceremony. Cao Cao He made three more voyages to the "Indies" (in 1493, 1498, and 1502) to confirm his theory and to colonize the islands he had already explored. Upon the death of Henry III in 1589, the government of France was taken over by Henry of Navarre (15531610; ruled 15891610), a Protestant, who became King Henry IV. This left many members of Parliament feeling that they were being ignored. Earlier they had been great centers of learning and the arts, but now the great monastic libraries were divided and sent to other They now supported Charles, hoping they could dominate a foreign monarch. Philip's grandson, Louis IX (12141270; ruled 122670), had a long reign. Henry finally had a male heir in 1537, when his third wife, Jane Seymour (c. 15091537), gave birth to their son Edward. Some contended that conversion was the best policy. In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. A similar movement emerged in Andalusia. Charles liberated thousands of Christian prisoners and soon thereafter captured the port of Tunis. Other notable leaders fled to safety in Germany. In 1601 he attempted to stage a coup (overthrow of government) that would oust Cecil's party and put his own party in power around the queen. By the mid-eighteenth century, virtually all of the world, including the continents of the Americas, became known to Europeans. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. The smaller English ships darted in and out of the flames, pouncing on stragglers. King John IV (16041656; ruled 164056), founder of the Bragana dynasty, then took the Portuguese throne. Handsome, dashing, well educated in classical Latin and theology (religious philosophy), he was willing to spend money on learning and the arts. France (Franks) The territory which today forms France had its earliest periods of human habitation in various Early Cultures.The modern nation state emerged from what had been the Celtic territory known to the Romans as as Gaul or Gallia. The great abbeys (churches connected with monasteries) were suppressed one by one in the next few years. Denied land routes to some of their most treasured goods, the Europeans had to find a route to Asia in the uncharted oceans. When the popes would not give in to Philip's demands he resolved the situation by having his agents arrest Pope Boniface VIII (c.12351303; reigned 12941303). Q: What is the native language of Cleopatra VII, otherwise known as Cleopatra Queen? In August 1520 he met with Henry VIII in Calais, France, at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, hoping to win Henry's support in the war against Spain. The country's early history is indistinguishable from that of the other Iberian peoples. The revised Book of Common Prayer regarded communion as simply a reenactment of the Last Supper, the final meal that Christ shared with his disciples, or followers. In 1501 Amerigo Vespucci (14541512) sailed far down the coast of South America. 30 seconds. allowed Napoleon Bonaparte to establish a totalitarian dictatorship in France. The pope also gave Ferdinand and Isabella the authority to convert the people of these new lands to Christianity and to govern them. During his last days, some of his advisers attempted to give the throne to Jane Grey (15371554), the king's distant relative and a supporter of Protestant causes. By this time pandemonium had broken out in England, and Elizabeth's advisers urged her to prepare for the impending attack. Henry and Anne Boleyn had been secretly married in January, and their daughter Elizabeth was born the following September. One by one the Spanish ships broke their cables and headed for open water. By the mid-1500s, between 350,000 and 400,000 Moriscos were living in the Spanish provinces. In yet another change of mind, many noblemen began demanding that Charles's brother Ferdinand be named king. The dynasty expanded from Francia as far as modern Italy, Spain, and Hungary, and ruled the eponymous Carolingian Empire (800-887), the largest European political entity to exist until the 19th century. Once a Dutch presence had been established in the Spice Islands, ships commissioned by the Dutch East India Company assaulted Portuguese ports from the Indian Ocean to China. The country occupies the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, next to Spain. This marriage did not allow England to be free of the war, though, since many English people believed it was necessary to aid Protestants on the European continent. 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